十二月 22, 2025
official_54_1
The Commercialization of Lumber
practically 几乎，实际上
pine 松树
durable 持久的，耐用的
reach n. 伸展，延伸；地区，区域，流域
The central and northern reaches of the Great Lakes states—Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota—all contained extensive pine forests as well as many large rivers for floating logs into the Great Lakes, from where they were transported nationwide.
the upper/lower reaches 上游/下游地区
the northern/southern reaches 北部/南部地区
the outer reaches 外围地区,边远地区
extensive adj. 广泛的，广阔的
timber n. 木材，木料
converge v. 聚合，汇聚
converge with 与…汇合；共同作用
A along with B converged with C
By 1860, the settlement of the American West along with timber shortages in the East converged with ever-widening impact on the pine forests of the Great Lakes states.
ever-widening impact 日益扩大的影响
lumbering n. 伐木业
fledge v. 长羽毛，长翅膀
fledged adj. 羽翼丰满的，成熟的
full-fledged adj. 成熟的，完善的
fledgling n. 雏鸟，初出茅庐的人
tracts n. 大片土地
set about v. 出发，动身；着手，开始
commodity n. 商品，日用品
thorough adj. 彻底的，全面的
calculating adj. 计算的，精明的
in this sense 从这个意义上说
a break with the past 摒弃过去，打破与过去的联系
in search of 寻找，寻求
shingle n. 小木瓦，木瓦屋顶
firewood n. 柴火，燃料
dweller n. 居民，居住者
alike adv. 同样地，相似地
saw n. 锯子
band saw n. 带锯
standard issue 标准配置，标准装备
sawdust n. 锯末
scrap n. 碎片，废料
mill n. 磨坊，工厂
steamline v. 使成流线型，简化
allow for 考虑到，顾及；使…成为可能
a third of 三分之一
pond n. 池塘
log pond 原木池
neutralize v. 中和，抵消
sled n. 雪橇
sleigh n. 大型雪橇
bank n. 岸，堤
bank of stream 河岸
thaw v. 融化，解冻
logger n. 伐木工人
sprinkle v. 撒，洒
coat v. 覆盖，涂层
facilitate v. 促进，帮助
mud n. 泥，泥浆
leave sb to do sth 使某人不得不做某事
leave sb doing sth 使某人处于某种状态
ponder v. 仔细考虑，深思
liberate v. 解放，释放
remoteness n. 偏远，孤立
discourage from 使打消念头，劝阻
compel v. 强迫，迫使
buildups n. 积累，堆积
crisscross v. 交叉，纵横交错
year-round adj. 全年的，全年适用的
tortuous adj. 曲折的，迂回的
stretch n. 伸展，延伸；一段路程
at times 有时，偶尔
primarily adv. 主要地，首要地
by 1860 到1860年
supplement v. 补充，增补
否定表达强调倒装
No longer were farmers in search of extra income the main source for shingles, firewood, and other wood products.
当否定词或否定短语置于句首时，句子需要倒装以示强调
- Never
正常：I have never seen such a beautiful sunset.
倒装：Never have I seen such a beautiful sunset.
- Rarely/Seldom
正常：We rarely go to the cinema.
倒装：Rarely do we go to the cinema.
- Not only
正常：He not only finished the work but also helped others.
倒装：Not only did he finish the work, but he also helped others.
- Hardly/Scarcely
正常：I had hardly arrived when it started raining.
倒装：Hardly had I arrived when it started raining.
- Little
正常：She little knew what awaited her.
倒装：Little did she know what awaited her.
- Under no circumstances
倒装：Under no circumstances should you open this door.
chore
chunking 意群
skimming 略读
scanning 扫读
topic sentence 主题句
bionic reading 仿生阅读
yet
| 用法类型 | 解释 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 作为连词（Conjunction）：表示对比或转折，类似于“but”或“however”。常用于正式或书面语。 | 引入一个与前文相反或意外的事实。 | “The plan is risky, yet effective.”（计划有风险，但有效。） |
| 作为副词（Adverb）：表示“到现在为止”或“尚未”，常用于疑问句或否定句末尾，与“already”相对。 | 强调某事到现在还没发生。 | “Have you finished yet?”（你完成了吗？）”I haven’t eaten yet.”（我还没吃。） |
| 作为副词（Adverb）：表示“甚至”或“还”，用于强调更多或额外。 | 加强程度，如“yet more/another”。 | “Yet another delay occurred.”（又一次延误发生了。）”It’s yet more expensive.”（它甚至更贵。） |
| 作为副词（Adverb）：表示“仍然”或“至今”，强调持续到现在。 | 用于正面陈述，意思是从过去到现在。 | “The best is yet to come.”（最好的还在后头。） |
| 作为副词（Adverb）：表示“然而”或“尽管如此”，类似于连词用法，但更正式。 | 在句中强调转折。 | “He failed, yet he tried hard.”（他失败了，然而他努力了。） |